Password spray attack against Microsoft Entra ID application

let timeRange = 1d;
let lookBack = 7d;
let authenticationWindow = 20m;
let authenticationThreshold = 5;
let isGUID = "[0-9a-z]{8}-[0-9a-z]{4}-[0-9a-z]{4}-[0-9a-z]{4}-[0-9a-z]{12}";
let failureCodes = dynamic([50053, 50126, 50055]); // invalid password, account is locked - too many sign ins, expired password
let successCodes = dynamic([0, 50055, 50057, 50155, 50105, 50133, 50005, 50076, 50079, 50173, 50158, 50072, 50074, 53003, 53000, 53001, 50129]);
// Lookup up resolved identities from last 7 days
let aadFunc = (tableName:string){
let identityLookup = table(tableName)
| where TimeGenerated >= ago(lookBack)
| where not(Identity matches regex isGUID)
| where isnotempty(UserId)
| summarize by UserId, lu_UserDisplayName = UserDisplayName, lu_UserPrincipalName = UserPrincipalName, Type;
// collect window threshold breaches
table(tableName)
| where TimeGenerated > ago(timeRange)
| where ResultType in(failureCodes)
| summarize FailedPrincipalCount = dcount(UserPrincipalName) by bin(TimeGenerated, authenticationWindow), IPAddress, AppDisplayName, Type
| where FailedPrincipalCount >= authenticationThreshold
| summarize WindowThresholdBreaches = count() by IPAddress, Type
| join kind= inner (
// where we breached a threshold, join the details back on all failure data
table(tableName)
| where TimeGenerated > ago(timeRange)
| where ResultType in(failureCodes)
| extend LocationDetails = todynamic(LocationDetails)
| extend FullLocation = strcat(LocationDetails.countryOrRegion,'|', LocationDetails.state, '|', LocationDetails.city)
| summarize StartTime = min(TimeGenerated), EndTime = max(TimeGenerated), make_set(ClientAppUsed,20), make_set(FullLocation,20), FailureCount = count() by IPAddress, AppDisplayName, UserPrincipalName, UserDisplayName, Identity, UserId, Type
// lookup any unresolved identities
| extend UnresolvedUserId = iff(Identity matches regex isGUID, UserId, "")
| join kind= leftouter (
 identityLookup
) on $left.UnresolvedUserId==$right.UserId
| extend UserDisplayName=iff(isempty(lu_UserDisplayName), UserDisplayName, lu_UserDisplayName)
| extend UserPrincipalName=iff(isempty(lu_UserPrincipalName), UserPrincipalName, lu_UserPrincipalName)
| summarize StartTime = min(StartTime), EndTime = max(EndTime), make_set(UserPrincipalName,20), make_set(UserDisplayName,20), make_set(set_ClientAppUsed,20), make_set(set_FullLocation,20), make_list(FailureCount,20) by IPAddress, AppDisplayName, Type
| extend FailedPrincipalCount = array_length(set_UserPrincipalName)
) on IPAddress
| project IPAddress, StartTime, EndTime, TargetedApplication=AppDisplayName, FailedPrincipalCount, UserPrincipalNames=set_UserPrincipalName, UserDisplayNames=set_UserDisplayName, ClientAppsUsed=set_set_ClientAppUsed, Locations=set_set_FullLocation, FailureCountByPrincipal=list_FailureCount, WindowThresholdBreaches, Type
| join kind= inner (
table(tableName) // get data on success vs. failure history for each IP
| where TimeGenerated > ago(timeRange)
| where ResultType in(successCodes) or ResultType in(failureCodes) // success or failure types
| summarize GlobalSuccessPrincipalCount = dcountif(UserPrincipalName, (ResultType in (successCodes))), ResultTypeSuccesses = make_set_if(ResultType, (ResultType in (successCodes))), GlobalFailPrincipalCount = dcountif(UserPrincipalName, (ResultType in (failureCodes))), ResultTypeFailures = make_set_if(ResultType, (ResultType in (failureCodes))) by IPAddress, Type
| where GlobalFailPrincipalCount > GlobalSuccessPrincipalCount // where the number of failed principals is greater than success - eliminates FPs from IPs who authenticate successfully alot and as a side effect have alot of failures
) on IPAddress
| project-away IPAddress1
| extend timestamp=StartTime
};
let aadSignin = aadFunc("SigninLogs");
let aadNonInt = aadFunc("AADNonInteractiveUserSignInLogs");
union isfuzzy=true aadSignin, aadNonInt

tactics:
- CredentialAccess
relevantTechniques:
- T1110
status: Available
severity: Medium
name: Password spray attack against Microsoft Entra ID application
requiredDataConnectors:
- connectorId: AzureActiveDirectory
  dataTypes:
  - SigninLogs
- connectorId: AzureActiveDirectory
  dataTypes:
  - AADNonInteractiveUserSignInLogs
query: |
  let timeRange = 1d;
  let lookBack = 7d;
  let authenticationWindow = 20m;
  let authenticationThreshold = 5;
  let isGUID = "[0-9a-z]{8}-[0-9a-z]{4}-[0-9a-z]{4}-[0-9a-z]{4}-[0-9a-z]{12}";
  let failureCodes = dynamic([50053, 50126, 50055]); // invalid password, account is locked - too many sign ins, expired password
  let successCodes = dynamic([0, 50055, 50057, 50155, 50105, 50133, 50005, 50076, 50079, 50173, 50158, 50072, 50074, 53003, 53000, 53001, 50129]);
  // Lookup up resolved identities from last 7 days
  let aadFunc = (tableName:string){
  let identityLookup = table(tableName)
  | where TimeGenerated >= ago(lookBack)
  | where not(Identity matches regex isGUID)
  | where isnotempty(UserId)
  | summarize by UserId, lu_UserDisplayName = UserDisplayName, lu_UserPrincipalName = UserPrincipalName, Type;
  // collect window threshold breaches
  table(tableName)
  | where TimeGenerated > ago(timeRange)
  | where ResultType in(failureCodes)
  | summarize FailedPrincipalCount = dcount(UserPrincipalName) by bin(TimeGenerated, authenticationWindow), IPAddress, AppDisplayName, Type
  | where FailedPrincipalCount >= authenticationThreshold
  | summarize WindowThresholdBreaches = count() by IPAddress, Type
  | join kind= inner (
  // where we breached a threshold, join the details back on all failure data
  table(tableName)
  | where TimeGenerated > ago(timeRange)
  | where ResultType in(failureCodes)
  | extend LocationDetails = todynamic(LocationDetails)
  | extend FullLocation = strcat(LocationDetails.countryOrRegion,'|', LocationDetails.state, '|', LocationDetails.city)
  | summarize StartTime = min(TimeGenerated), EndTime = max(TimeGenerated), make_set(ClientAppUsed,20), make_set(FullLocation,20), FailureCount = count() by IPAddress, AppDisplayName, UserPrincipalName, UserDisplayName, Identity, UserId, Type
  // lookup any unresolved identities
  | extend UnresolvedUserId = iff(Identity matches regex isGUID, UserId, "")
  | join kind= leftouter (
   identityLookup
  ) on $left.UnresolvedUserId==$right.UserId
  | extend UserDisplayName=iff(isempty(lu_UserDisplayName), UserDisplayName, lu_UserDisplayName)
  | extend UserPrincipalName=iff(isempty(lu_UserPrincipalName), UserPrincipalName, lu_UserPrincipalName)
  | summarize StartTime = min(StartTime), EndTime = max(EndTime), make_set(UserPrincipalName,20), make_set(UserDisplayName,20), make_set(set_ClientAppUsed,20), make_set(set_FullLocation,20), make_list(FailureCount,20) by IPAddress, AppDisplayName, Type
  | extend FailedPrincipalCount = array_length(set_UserPrincipalName)
  ) on IPAddress
  | project IPAddress, StartTime, EndTime, TargetedApplication=AppDisplayName, FailedPrincipalCount, UserPrincipalNames=set_UserPrincipalName, UserDisplayNames=set_UserDisplayName, ClientAppsUsed=set_set_ClientAppUsed, Locations=set_set_FullLocation, FailureCountByPrincipal=list_FailureCount, WindowThresholdBreaches, Type
  | join kind= inner (
  table(tableName) // get data on success vs. failure history for each IP
  | where TimeGenerated > ago(timeRange)
  | where ResultType in(successCodes) or ResultType in(failureCodes) // success or failure types
  | summarize GlobalSuccessPrincipalCount = dcountif(UserPrincipalName, (ResultType in (successCodes))), ResultTypeSuccesses = make_set_if(ResultType, (ResultType in (successCodes))), GlobalFailPrincipalCount = dcountif(UserPrincipalName, (ResultType in (failureCodes))), ResultTypeFailures = make_set_if(ResultType, (ResultType in (failureCodes))) by IPAddress, Type
  | where GlobalFailPrincipalCount > GlobalSuccessPrincipalCount // where the number of failed principals is greater than success - eliminates FPs from IPs who authenticate successfully alot and as a side effect have alot of failures
  ) on IPAddress
  | project-away IPAddress1
  | extend timestamp=StartTime
  };
  let aadSignin = aadFunc("SigninLogs");
  let aadNonInt = aadFunc("AADNonInteractiveUserSignInLogs");
  union isfuzzy=true aadSignin, aadNonInt  
id: 48607a29-a26a-4abf-8078-a06dbdd174a4
queryPeriod: 7d
entityMappings:
- entityType: IP
  fieldMappings:
  - identifier: Address
    columnName: IPAddress
triggerOperator: gt
triggerThreshold: 0
description: |
  'Identifies evidence of password spray activity against Microsoft Entra ID applications by looking for failures from multiple accounts from the same IP address within a time window. If the number of accounts breaches the threshold just once, all failures from the IP address within the time range are bought into the result. Details on whether there were successful authentications by the IP address within the time window are also included.
  This can be an indicator that an attack was successful.
  The default failure acccount threshold is 5, Default time window for failures is 20m and default look back window is 1 day
  Note: Due to the number of possible accounts involved in a password spray it is not possible to map identities to a custom entity.
  References: https://docs.microsoft.com/azure/active-directory/reports-monitoring/reference-sign-ins-error-codes.'  
version: 1.0.7
OriginalUri: https://github.com/Azure/Azure-Sentinel/blob/master/Solutions/Microsoft Entra ID/Analytic Rules/SigninPasswordSpray.yaml
queryFrequency: 1d
kind: Scheduled

{
  "$schema": "https://schema.management.azure.com/schemas/2019-04-01/deploymentTemplate.json#",
  "contentVersion": "1.0.0.0",
  "parameters": {
    "workspace": {
      "type": "String"
    }
  },
  "resources": [
    {
      "apiVersion": "2024-01-01-preview",
      "id": "[concat(resourceId('Microsoft.OperationalInsights/workspaces/providers', parameters('workspace'), 'Microsoft.SecurityInsights'),'/alertRules/48607a29-a26a-4abf-8078-a06dbdd174a4')]",
      "kind": "Scheduled",
      "name": "[concat(parameters('workspace'),'/Microsoft.SecurityInsights/48607a29-a26a-4abf-8078-a06dbdd174a4')]",
      "properties": {
        "alertRuleTemplateName": "48607a29-a26a-4abf-8078-a06dbdd174a4",
        "customDetails": null,
        "description": "'Identifies evidence of password spray activity against Microsoft Entra ID applications by looking for failures from multiple accounts from the same IP address within a time window. If the number of accounts breaches the threshold just once, all failures from the IP address within the time range are bought into the result. Details on whether there were successful authentications by the IP address within the time window are also included.\nThis can be an indicator that an attack was successful.\nThe default failure acccount threshold is 5, Default time window for failures is 20m and default look back window is 1 day\nNote: Due to the number of possible accounts involved in a password spray it is not possible to map identities to a custom entity.\nReferences: https://docs.microsoft.com/azure/active-directory/reports-monitoring/reference-sign-ins-error-codes.'\n",
        "displayName": "Password spray attack against Microsoft Entra ID application",
        "enabled": true,
        "entityMappings": [
          {
            "entityType": "IP",
            "fieldMappings": [
              {
                "columnName": "IPAddress",
                "identifier": "Address"
              }
            ]
          }
        ],
        "OriginalUri": "https://github.com/Azure/Azure-Sentinel/blob/master/Solutions/Microsoft Entra ID/Analytic Rules/SigninPasswordSpray.yaml",
        "query": "let timeRange = 1d;\nlet lookBack = 7d;\nlet authenticationWindow = 20m;\nlet authenticationThreshold = 5;\nlet isGUID = \"[0-9a-z]{8}-[0-9a-z]{4}-[0-9a-z]{4}-[0-9a-z]{4}-[0-9a-z]{12}\";\nlet failureCodes = dynamic([50053, 50126, 50055]); // invalid password, account is locked - too many sign ins, expired password\nlet successCodes = dynamic([0, 50055, 50057, 50155, 50105, 50133, 50005, 50076, 50079, 50173, 50158, 50072, 50074, 53003, 53000, 53001, 50129]);\n// Lookup up resolved identities from last 7 days\nlet aadFunc = (tableName:string){\nlet identityLookup = table(tableName)\n| where TimeGenerated >= ago(lookBack)\n| where not(Identity matches regex isGUID)\n| where isnotempty(UserId)\n| summarize by UserId, lu_UserDisplayName = UserDisplayName, lu_UserPrincipalName = UserPrincipalName, Type;\n// collect window threshold breaches\ntable(tableName)\n| where TimeGenerated > ago(timeRange)\n| where ResultType in(failureCodes)\n| summarize FailedPrincipalCount = dcount(UserPrincipalName) by bin(TimeGenerated, authenticationWindow), IPAddress, AppDisplayName, Type\n| where FailedPrincipalCount >= authenticationThreshold\n| summarize WindowThresholdBreaches = count() by IPAddress, Type\n| join kind= inner (\n// where we breached a threshold, join the details back on all failure data\ntable(tableName)\n| where TimeGenerated > ago(timeRange)\n| where ResultType in(failureCodes)\n| extend LocationDetails = todynamic(LocationDetails)\n| extend FullLocation = strcat(LocationDetails.countryOrRegion,'|', LocationDetails.state, '|', LocationDetails.city)\n| summarize StartTime = min(TimeGenerated), EndTime = max(TimeGenerated), make_set(ClientAppUsed,20), make_set(FullLocation,20), FailureCount = count() by IPAddress, AppDisplayName, UserPrincipalName, UserDisplayName, Identity, UserId, Type\n// lookup any unresolved identities\n| extend UnresolvedUserId = iff(Identity matches regex isGUID, UserId, \"\")\n| join kind= leftouter (\n identityLookup\n) on $left.UnresolvedUserId==$right.UserId\n| extend UserDisplayName=iff(isempty(lu_UserDisplayName), UserDisplayName, lu_UserDisplayName)\n| extend UserPrincipalName=iff(isempty(lu_UserPrincipalName), UserPrincipalName, lu_UserPrincipalName)\n| summarize StartTime = min(StartTime), EndTime = max(EndTime), make_set(UserPrincipalName,20), make_set(UserDisplayName,20), make_set(set_ClientAppUsed,20), make_set(set_FullLocation,20), make_list(FailureCount,20) by IPAddress, AppDisplayName, Type\n| extend FailedPrincipalCount = array_length(set_UserPrincipalName)\n) on IPAddress\n| project IPAddress, StartTime, EndTime, TargetedApplication=AppDisplayName, FailedPrincipalCount, UserPrincipalNames=set_UserPrincipalName, UserDisplayNames=set_UserDisplayName, ClientAppsUsed=set_set_ClientAppUsed, Locations=set_set_FullLocation, FailureCountByPrincipal=list_FailureCount, WindowThresholdBreaches, Type\n| join kind= inner (\ntable(tableName) // get data on success vs. failure history for each IP\n| where TimeGenerated > ago(timeRange)\n| where ResultType in(successCodes) or ResultType in(failureCodes) // success or failure types\n| summarize GlobalSuccessPrincipalCount = dcountif(UserPrincipalName, (ResultType in (successCodes))), ResultTypeSuccesses = make_set_if(ResultType, (ResultType in (successCodes))), GlobalFailPrincipalCount = dcountif(UserPrincipalName, (ResultType in (failureCodes))), ResultTypeFailures = make_set_if(ResultType, (ResultType in (failureCodes))) by IPAddress, Type\n| where GlobalFailPrincipalCount > GlobalSuccessPrincipalCount // where the number of failed principals is greater than success - eliminates FPs from IPs who authenticate successfully alot and as a side effect have alot of failures\n) on IPAddress\n| project-away IPAddress1\n| extend timestamp=StartTime\n};\nlet aadSignin = aadFunc(\"SigninLogs\");\nlet aadNonInt = aadFunc(\"AADNonInteractiveUserSignInLogs\");\nunion isfuzzy=true aadSignin, aadNonInt\n",
        "queryFrequency": "P1D",
        "queryPeriod": "P7D",
        "severity": "Medium",
        "status": "Available",
        "subTechniques": [],
        "suppressionDuration": "PT1H",
        "suppressionEnabled": false,
        "tactics": [
          "CredentialAccess"
        ],
        "techniques": [
          "T1110"
        ],
        "templateVersion": "1.0.7",
        "triggerOperator": "GreaterThan",
        "triggerThreshold": 0
      },
      "type": "Microsoft.OperationalInsights/workspaces/providers/alertRules"
    }
  ]
}